Dam Built and Lost Ruins of Roman Mosic Art

Physician. 9301

18 December 2001

Cultural aspects of the Ilisu Dam Projection, Turkey

Information report ¹

Committee on Culture, Science and Instruction

General Rapporteur on the Cultural Heritage: Mrs Vlasta Stepov�, Czechia, Socialist Group

i. Introduction

one.one The plan to construct a dam at Ilisu on the River Tigris is role of a large calibration project for the socio-ecomomic evolution of SE Anatolia. A number of dams are involved in this area that once formed role of ancient Mesopotamia, but those which have attracted attention because of their impact on the cultural heritage are the Birecik Dam on the Euphrates, which led in 2000 to the flooding of Zeugma from which spectacular mosaics accept been retrieved, and the Ilisu Dam on the Tigris, which involves virtually crucially the impressive site of Hasankeyf, a major city on the aboriginal silk road in the 11^thursday-13^thursday centuries.

1.2 The aim of this report is limited to reviewing the possible impact of the Ilisu Dam on the cultural heritage in the surface area affected past its reservoir. It is based on a fact-finding visit to Ankara and the region of the dam in early November that I carried out together with Christopher Grayson, Head of the Associates Secretariat for Civilization, Scientific discipline and Pedagogy (appendix ii). Nosotros accept also been able to draw on wider contacts and on the considerable amount of literature that has been generated past the controversy surrounding the project (appendix i).

1.3 I should like to express my thank you to the Turkish Parliament, and in the starting time place to my colleague Mehmet Saglam, for preparing the fact-finding mission and also to the State Hydraulic Works (DSI – Devlet Su Isleri) for facilitating our visits. I should likewise similar to give thanks the many officials and other persons who take kindly helped in the gathering of information.

1.4 Just as the written report was being finalised the news came that the major partner in the international consortium set upward to build the dam, the Britain firm Balfour Beatty, had decided to withdraw. This development does not bear upon the conclusions reached here. It does however reinforce the urgency for due consideration to be given to cultural heritage in any project goes ahead for the very necessary socio-economic development of the surface area.

2. The wider context

ii.1 The Turkish Authorities has since 1954, when its modern plans for the area began, realised the need for activeness to develop SE Anatolia. Once the cradle of civilisation, this area of Mesopotamia as well known as the "fertile crescent" between the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates, has become in modernistic times an abased backwater. The local cultural traditions are largely Kurdish and the region was only recently the focus of Kurdish nationalism. Matters have profoundly improved, just security still remains a consideration in parts of the area (and we were given a full military escort when driving down to the village of Ilisu).

ii.2 It is impossible not to see development of the surface area as a priority both in terms of social and economical conditions just also as a means of reinforcing peace and security in the region.

2.3 This stance is reflected today at all levels of the local population from the regional governors we met (Diyarbakir, Mardin and Batman) to the local mayors (Ilisu and Hasankeyf). The dilemma for those defenseless in the area of the Ilisu Dam reservoir is that while the future of that dam is in question, nothing is done. In that location has been no investment in the surface area since 1985.

two.4 In broader national terms, the area is of significance to Turkey as a whole in what it can provide in terms of irrigated land and energy. The Ilisu Dam is a hydroelectric power institute aimed exclusively at the production of energy (other dams have already been congenital upstream for irrigation or to control the Tigris water flow). Well-nigh experts seem to agree on water as the best energy resources in this context (renewable, cleaner alternative to Turkish fossil fuel, claimed to exist safer than nuclear equally the area is subject to seismic disturbance, and cheaper than imported gas and oil).

2.5 The bear upon of the dam has too implications wider than the cultural dimension, on which this report will concentrate. The bug of compensation for lost lands, of the relocation of families, or of the rebuilding of communities have also to be taken into account in a projection of this scale. The fact finding missions of the UK parliament and related reports accept covered this wider picture show (appendix 1). The Kurdish question in particular has been evoked in Assembly Doctor 8975 and past certain international NGOs (including the Earth Archaeological Congress see again in appendix 1). It is important to note that these and other social aspects are being currently investigated by the Assembly Committee on Migration, Refugees and Census. Indeed a study visit for that commission on the displaced Kurdish population of Turkey by my Irish gaelic colleague John Connor passed through the same area of SE Anatolia only days earlier my own visit.

2.half-dozen The broader socio-economic development project in SE Anatolia is known as GAP (Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi). In 1989 the GAP Regional Development Assistants was set upwards to ensure overall coordination (its board being run by the Minister of State for GAP). Resettlement and related mediation is handled by the State Planning Organisation. Technical matters relating to water management are the sole responsibility of the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) itself gear up in 1954.

2.7 There were two consortia and one joint venture initially taking function in the Ilisu projection. Electromechanical: Sulzer Hydro (Switzerland – sold to Austrian VA Tech in 1999) and ABB Alstom Power (Switzerland – sold to Alstom France in March 2000). Engineering and consultancy services: Binnie Blackness and Veatch (UK) Dolsar (TR). Civil works joint venture: Balfour Beatty (UK – withdrew Nov 2001) Impregilo (Italia - likewise withdrew Nov 2001) Skanska (Sweden - withdrew Sept 2000) Kiska (TR) Nurol (TR) Tekfen (TR).

three. The cultural significance of the expanse

3.one The surface area between the Tigris and Euphrates was one of the river valleys in which man civilisation starting time developed. Chosen by the Greeks "Mesopotamia" (the land between the rivers), this region was the seat of the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires. It was besides an expanse where Near Eastern and Anatolian cultures met and influenced each other. Information technology was a passage style for Alexander'southward armies and Greek civilisation to the east and for trade in silk and spices to Europe.

3.2 Much of the archaeological heritage area in the upper valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates and of their tributaries has not yet been investigated. Preliminary surveys have been made but the majority of the sites remain to be studied (excavated, inventoried, published). The dam projects have however led to far greater attention over recent years and this attending has in turn generated welcome possibilities for research.

three.three In the Euphrates valley public attending focused on the unexpected splendour of the Greco-Roman site of Zeugma every bit the waters of the Birecik dam rose to threaten its mosaics. We exercise non know and cannot now recover what else was lost. Much in the upper Tigris valley threatened by the Ilisu Dam is at present an equal, merely explorable, mystery. The area has so far only been very superficially surveyed. However the site of Hasankeyf has already attracted sufficient national and international attending to serve as a focus bespeak for opposition to construction of the dam.

3.4 The scientific significance of the unexcavated parts of Hasankeyf, as of the other 200 sites identified in the afflicted area, could well be enormous, given the historical importance of this region of upper Mesopotamia. The latest Great britain House of Commons report drew attention to a number of unexplored sites such as Gre Dimse (get-go recorded early Iron Age painted vessel) and Zirayet Tepe (Assyrian menstruum border boondocks). Merely the real significance of such sites cannot still be quantified.

three.five Not much either is known or documented of the traditional civilization of the local population. Kurdish settlements can be traced later on a migration from Western Persia around 2,500 years ago. Carpet weaving (there appears to exist a local Hasankeyf style) and the traditions of the Arab minority (in the area since mediaeval times) accept too to exist documented. The relocation of local populations would mean the loss of such traditional cognition no less irrevocable that the loss of the surreptitious archaeological heritage to the flood waters of the dam. Piece of work is however being washed in this surface area. A local coordinating archaeologist told us of an interesting project to investigate the antecedents of local mud brick architectural techniques.

iii.6 There was no open response however to the questions we put in Ilisu and Hasankeyf on what recent heritage locals might wish to preserve.

4. The significance of Hasankeyf

4.one The history of Hasankeyf (Aramaic and Arabic for "rock fort") has been traced dorsum to the vii^th century BC. In the early mediaeval period (4^th-vi^th centuries AD) information technology was one of the oldest Christian congregations in the eastern world and and so became the commencement part of Anatolia to be affected by Islam (8^th century). Information technology alternated with Diyarbakir as majuscule of the Artukid Sultanate (eleven^th-12^th centuries). Its gold menstruum was 1100-1236. The settlement began to deteriorate from the end of the 16^th century. The present village is of some 5000 persons.

4.two The main monuments are the ruined piers of the ancient silk-road span (first synthetic in the seven^th century and rebuilt in the 12^th), mosques of the 12^th to 15^th centuries (only two with minarets and mihrabs preserved), the Citadel (12^thursday century gate), the Zeyn el-Abdin Mausoleum (with unique inlay 13^th), the Abdullah Mausoleum (xiv^th) and the ubiquitous cavern constructions. Only the upper office of the citadel is not to be flooded, and in that location are fears that even that will eventually crubmle (meet appendix 5 - the acme of the reservoir h2o is around 500m)

4.3 As any visitor will however confirm, the chief significance of Hasankeyf is its imposing location. We visited the site and climbed upwardly to the elevation of the citadel to await downwards over the Tigris in the flat river bed below. The site is far more the sum of its parts. Simply as the UK Select Committee on Trade and Industry concluded (May 2001) "the Ilisu Dam would mean the terminate of Hasankeyf and the loss of that office of the Turkish national heritage".

5. Protection, archeology and conservation

5.one In 1978 Hasankeyf was declared a outset degree protected site by the Turkish High Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Entities and Monuments. 22 monuments were entered on the Turkish cultural inventory listing in 1981 (see appendix 5). When the Ilisu Dam project became known to the Ministry of Culture (1985) archaeological save excavations were begun at Hasankeyf in 1986 under Prof Olus Arik.

5.two In 1987-1990 Prof Algaze (University of California) carried out the first major survey of the areas to be flooded by the Tigris and Euphrates dams. Over 200 sites were identified in the Ilisu area.

v.3 All archaeological operations in the area were interrupted past "security problems" from 1991 to 1998.

v.4 In 1998 a protocol was signed between the Turkish Ministry of Civilization, the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) and the Middle Eastward Technical Academy of Ankara (METU) to gear up a salvage projection for the archaeological heritage of the Ilisu and Carchemish Dam reservoirs. This project, known equally TA�DAM, is run by a steering committee currently chaired by Dr Numan Tuna whom we met in Ankara.

5.5 Priority was first given to archaeological piece of work on the Carchemish Dam (as to be completed first) but now full attention is switching to the Ilisu area. The results are impressive. In 1998 x Carchemish and 4 Ilisu sites were excavated and published in Turkish and English (367pp) by TA�DAM, in 1999 fourteen Carchemish and 9 Ilisu sites (854pp). Turkish archaeologists have been joined past those from American, High german, Italian, Japanese and Spanish universities together with the American, German and French scientific institutions active in Turkey. But these foreign experts are relatively few in number in the Ilisu area and permits to excavate are non easy to obtain from the authorities.

5.vi TA�DAM has produced a master programme for rescue archeology of these sites.

5.7 Excavation of the site of Hasankeyf itself has however remained the sectional responsibility of Prof Olus Arik. In 1998 he resumed work. The excavations of 1998 and 1999 are summarised in TA�DAM Activities 1999 pp 797-803. The reports for 2000 and 2001 are not yet available. We saw impressive dry stone walls built effectually the excavated sites but no activity or sense of urgency, though in principle there are only seven years to go before the surface area is flooded. Patently "up to at present less than v% of the site has been excavated".

5.8 One condition laid downwardly in December 1999 by the U.k. Government for ECGD backing for the dam project was product of "a detailed plan to preserve as much of the archaeological heritage of Hasankeyf as possible". No master plan for the rescue of the site of Hasankeyf has plain yet been produced. Prof Olus Arik, contacted subsequent to our fact-finding mission, continues to promise that the site volition not be flooded. He is planning a general publication of his excavations of the site, to come out in June 2002. He estimates that it will take some 20 years to excavate the site fully to boulder at the nowadays rate, or 5 years if digging is maintained throughout the year. As responsible for the site, he insists on competent archaeological process.

half dozen. Observations

6.1 on archaeology

The Turkish archaeological approach has been properly prepared and is in general existence carried out with a loftier caste of competence. We must however note

- incompatibility between the treatment of Hasankeyf and other sites in the area to exist affected by the Ilisu Dam (separate funding, lack of chief plan, resources spent on building protective stone walls and an excavation hostel etc)

- absence of a clearly defined budget

- management confusion (DSI, GAP and Ministry of Culture seem all involved only with no one torso in overall control)

- heritage devastation is standing equally a event of lack of controls; much of the Lower City in Hasankeyf was lost by the construction of the modernistic road, bridge and housing in the 1960s; more (equally much as 30%) is being lost through continuing agricultural activity on the site; historical fabric is reused by the present inhabitants

- lack of conservation: the rock face in Hasankeyf is crumbling excavated and exposed ruins are disintegrating

- lack of policing of archaeological sites in general

6.2 on the relative importance of heritage

In terms of evaluating the relative importance of the heritage, we would note

- the significance of the location of Hasankeyf; the site as a whole is more than than the sum of its parts; this should be taken into consideration when considering relocation; merely the relocation of sure unique elements such every bit the Zehn el-Abdin Mausolem might justifiably exist considered

- archaeological earthworks inevitably entails removal of all traces to bedrock; if such excavation is carried out, studied and published, there tin be fiddling reason to oppose subsequent flooding of the site

- rather negative assessments accept been made of the value of the visible heritage at Hasankeyf: Ms Patricia Hewitt (Uk Minister for Modest Business organization and Due east-Commerce, HC debate initiated by Mr Mcnamara on 15 Feb 2000) "much of that archaeological heritage is not in good status and several experts have expressed the view that if the dam were not to exist built, much of it would proceed to decline and disappear"; on the other hand much has yet to sally from the unexcavated mounds that might testify as unexpectedly heady every bit what was found at Zeugma

- further damage tin can be expected when the flood waters rise; archaeological sites cannot be protected underwater (such attempts failed at Zeugma) and any surviving structures risk being undermined (despite talk of consolidating the cliff)

half dozen.three on technical questions on the Ilisu dam and cultural heritage.

6.3.i Tin alternatives be establish to avoid flooding Hasankeyf or at to the lowest degree reduce the level of the resulting lake? Apparently Ilisu is the best available site and the level cannot exist reduced as a sure minimum tiptop is needed for the required energy product. We have not yet been able to bank check these assertions.

six.3.two A serious criticism is the shortness of the expected operational life of the dam on account of its silting up. This proved to be a major problem with the Aswan dam in Egypt. For Ilisu, estimates range around thirty-xl years. Some other problem is the high caste of energy loss on the current Turkish electricity network (30%). The DSI officials we met were enlightened of these problems and that solutions have all the same to be found

vi.4 on administration and funding

We were introduced to a series of institutions responsible for analogous the Ilisu Dam project: the State Hydraulic Works (DSI), the Southeast Anatolia Project (GAP), the Ministry of Culture and the Steering Committee of TA�DAM METU. No coherent film emerged of overall coordination or control. In particular there appears to be no prepare budget for archaeological activity and none for conservation and display. The State Hydraulic Works (DSI) was itself funding present action (independently information technology would seem to METU and to Prof Arik) and made vague promises to assure whatsoever necessary future funding once a protocol tin can be established with the Ministry of Strange Diplomacy and the external consortium. Other funding seems to come from foreign or not-governmental resources (such equally Mardin Museum) directly to specific excavations.

6.v on international awareness

The Ilisu Dam issue is now in the public domain. Interest in the region has been stimulated past TV films and campaigns both for (GAP) and against (KHRP etc) the dams. Cultural tourism is outset and most recently the cover of the Turkish prestige art magazine "Cornucopia" appear a 32-folio feature on "The wild east: a journeying to Anatolia'due south Arabian frontier". The decision of Balfour Beatty to withdraw from the project led to firsthand headlines on BBC and CNN (xiii November).

Advantage should be taken of this public interest while it lasts.

vii. Conclusions

vii.1 On residual, we would conclude that those concerned for the cultural and archaeological heritage take rather more to gain than lose from the construction of the Ilisu Dam on the terms set out in Dec 1999 by the UK Government:

- It is a tremendous incentive for archaeology in the area and for archaeologists throughout the world specialising in the diverse historical fields involved.

- Were the Ilisu Dam project not to go alee, it is far from clear that nowadays levels of international public interest and government funding for the cultural investigation of the area tin be maintained

- The area is remote and facilities for tourism are limited.

- Formal conservation of the site of Hasankeyf would bring local life to a standstill. At nowadays the use of the site as a summer resort for locals from nearby Batman (45 minutes drive) is tolerated (with cafes on the river banking concern and shops in the Upper Boondocks and Citadel). Nosotros heard the argument that in principle the site as whole should be conserved as a museum..

- The legal status of the site of Hasankeyf should exist clarified. As it is classified as a conservation site its flooding can exist argued illegal (and the case has been made by the Istanbul-based lawyer Murat Cano). This could act equally a deterrent to foreign investment in the dam

- The funding and management of the save functioning should be coordinated equally a whole.

7.two We would further recommend on a more technical level

- emphasis on survey; European cooperation could be sought for refining prospection techniques (aeriform photography, ground metallic detection etc)

- greater involvement of strange archaeologists and institutions; the Council of Europe and EU might both be able to assistance once the overall parameters have been defined; the Turkish regime should facilitate projects by qualified foreigners

- imaginative fund-raising involving the local population

- all dams in the area should give ascent to archaeological survey, rescue etc and not only the well-nigh obvious

- a programme should be designed to document as much as possible the traditional knowledge of the local people

- effective policing of designated conservation areas.

vii.3 Given the withdrawal of Balfour Beatty from the international commercial consortium for the Ilisu Dam project, we urgently recommend that these observations are kept in mind by the Turkish Government in future negotiations for the project. Amongst the reasons given for withdrawal are the "substantial actress work and expense" in meeting the conditions set up by the consign credit agencies (appendix 4). It is essential that the contract is not given to contractors who volition ignore these conditions and not respect conservation of the cultural heritage. In our contacts with DSI information technology was quite clearly asserted that the Ilisu Dam project would get ahead.

7.4 It is important withal that a determination is rapidly taken on the building of the dam. The area is dying from uncertainty. Its heritage lies exposed.

Appendices

1. Bibliography

2. Fact-finding visit programme

3. Conditions for credit set out by the UK Government in December 1999

4. Statement issued by Balfour Beattu on withdrawing from the Ilisu Dam projection in November 2001

v. Inventory of cultural Heritage at Hasankeyf

6. Location maps and photos

Appendix 1 – Bibliography

EIAR (Environmental Touch Assessment Report on Ilisu and HEPP by the Ilisu Engineering Group Apr 2001

Executive summary 20pp and total report (for heritage see Department 3 pp 37-51 and photos) access by ECGD site

ETH Zurich. Instance study by Swiss Federal Institute of Applied science. Feb 2001. Find on River Internet http://www.rivernet.org/turquie/welcome.htm

Grant, Linda. "Before the deluge" The Guardian xix February 2000

Icomos: Heritage at run a risk: Turkey www.international.icomos.org/risk/turkey_2000.htm

Ilisu Dam Campaign (website world wide web.ilisu.org.uk) Cultural Heritage assay of EIAR Sept 2001 22pp

KHRP (Kurdish Homo Rights Project) web site www.khrp.org with reports on missions in Nov 1999 "A human rights disaster in tye making" and Oct 2000 "If the river were a pen"

Kitchen, W and Ronayne, M. Ilisu Dam EIAR Review (7 September 2001)

Tuna, Prof Dr Numan. TA�DAM Activites 1998 and 1999

United kingdom Firm of Commons

– Debate on 15 February 2000 (run into Mcnamara, Tonge and Hewitt)

– Trade and Manufacture Select Committee 6th report 9 March 2000 (see paras iii—31 on Hasankeyf)

– Trade and Manufacture Select Commission 12th report 9 May 2001

WAC (World Archaeological Congress) correspondence from President Martin Hall May 2001. The site is http://www.wac.uct.ac.za/whd/Ilsu.htm

Appendix 2 – Program of the fact-finding visit of Mrs Stepova (i-4 November 2001)

Wednesday, 31 October 2001

Evening

– Arrival in Ankara and transfer to Hotel Hilton

– Talk with Hilton General Director, Martin Voskam

– Meeting with Czech Ambassador Josef Braun

Thursday, 1 November 2001

Morning

– Meeting at the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) with Deputy Director Full general, Dogan Yemisen, and Deputy Dept Head, Cansen Akkaya

– Coming together with Prof. Dr. Numan Tuna, Section of Architecture, Middle East Technical Academy and Chairman of TA�DAM

– Coming together with GAP Vice President Kaya Yasinok

– Working luncheon in TBMM with MPs Cevdet Ak�ali, Huseyin Kalkan and Mehmet Saglam

Afternoon

– Coming together at the British Institute of Archaeology with Director Hugh Elton

– Meeting at the Ministry of Culture with Deputy DG of Monuments and Museums, Aykut Ozet

– Talk with GAP Director Full general, Mumtaz Turfan

Evening

Flying from Ankara to Diyarbakır and transfer to Hotel Dedeman

Frıday, ii Nov 2001

Morning

– Visit to DSI Regional Advisers and coming together with Regional Director, Baki Mete, and officials

– Minibus to Mardin

– Coming together with the Governor of Mardin Temel Ko�akla

– Visit to Dayr-�l Zafaran Monestery

– Visit Mardin

Afternoonorthward

– Minibus to Ilisu hamlet

– Meeting with local Muchtar and other villagers

Evening return to Diyarbakir

Saturday, 3 November 2001

Forenoon

– Visit of Diyarbakir

– Coming together with the Deputy Governor of Diyarbakir, Huseyin Nailatay

– Minibus to Batman

– Meeting with the Governor of Batman, Isa Parlak and lunch

Afternoon

– Minibus to Hasankeyf

– Visit of the village, aboriginal citadel and archeological sites in the company of Hasankeyf Mayor, Vahop Kusen, and the local Prefect

Evening render to Diyarbakir

Sunday, four november 2001

Departure via Istanbul

Mrs Stepova was accompanied past Christopher Grayson, Caput of the Assembly Secretariat for civilisation, scientific discipline and education and past Eda Dizdar and Ahmet Ezicioglu, Turkish Delegation Secretaries.

Belgin Dolay was interpreter for the meetings on 2-3 November

Appendix iii - weather condition for credit set out by the UK Government in December 1999

On 21st December 1999, Stephen Byers, the U.k. Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, published two Government-commissioned reports examining the issues surrounding the proposed Ilisu hydroelectric dam in Turkey.

In releasing the reports, Mr Byers said:

"I have carefully considered both reports and I am minded to grant consign credit. This will exist provisional on the Turkish authorities agreeing to accost the concerns nosotros take near the environmental and social touch of the projec

A copy of both reports has now been given to representatives of the Turkish Government and other Regime export credit agencies considering back up for the project. We are currently discussing with them the details of the areas where changes would be required before the British Authorities could consider export credit back up.

These are the demand to:

• draw up a resettlement plan which reflects internationally accepted practice and includes independent monitoring;

• brand provision for upstream h2o handling plants capable of ensuring that water quality is maintained;

• give an assurance that acceptable downstream water flows volition be maintained at all times;

• produce a detailed plan to preserve as much of the archaeological heritage of Hasankeyf every bit possible."

Appendix iv - statement issued past Balfour Beatty on withdrawing from the Ilisu Dam project

(13 November 2001)

"No clear prospect of resolution of environmental, commercial and social complexities"

Balfour Beatty, the international applied science, structure and services group, announces today that information technology has decided not to pursue its interest in the Ilisu Dam project in Turkey. The determination follows a thorough and extensive evaluation of the commercial, ecology and social issues inherent in the projection. With appropriate solutions to these bug still unsecured and no early on resolution probable, Balfour Beatty believes that it is not in the all-time interests of its stakeholders to pursue the project farther.

Commenting on the decision, Balfour Beatty Chief Executive Mike Welton said:

"Our decision to consider this project in a thorough and professional way has remained consistent since we were first invited to become involved. We take followed all the advisable steps to evaluate its viability and have not been deflected from proper, professional processes.

"The urgent demand for increasing generating capacity to meet Turkey's development needs and for social and economical evolution in the region remains. Nosotros have, however, conspicuously reached a point where no further action nor any further expenditure by Balfour Beatty on this project is likely to resolve the outstanding bug in a reasonable timescale".

The complex environmental and social issues which the project involves have been the subject of intensive report. A comprehensive environmental bear on report, funded by the contractors and involving many months of intensive investigative work, was completed and published before this year. This study was carried out by a team of international experts to the best bachelor international standards as divers by the US Ex-Im Banking company and the OECD.

The report details the principal social and environmental issues associated with the dam's development and construction and offers recommendations to the dam'due south proponents, the Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Its recommendations set clear benchmarks which require substantial actions on the office of the client and other Turkish government departments and agencies.

Commercial discussions betwixt the DSI and the consortium of which Balfour Beatty is a part accept likewise been under way for a considerable menstruum. The parties accept, however, been unable to agree in some areas and a number of commercial issues remain unresolved.

Given the substantial difficulties which remain to be addressed, including meeting the iv conditions set up by the Consign Credit Agencies, Balfour Beatty believes the projection could only keep with substantial extra work and expense and with considerable further delay. Appropriately, in concert with its international partner in the civil engineering joint venture, Impregilo of Italian republic, it has decided to withdraw from the project.

Appendix 5 - Inventory of cultural heritage at Hasankeyf

Cultural Inventory list of the Turkish Ministry of Civilization: source EIAR 3-49

Reservoir water height may reach 500m.

Proper name	Blazon	Century	River bank	Basis superlative [m]*	Meridian [m]
Span	Bridge and road	twelfth	Left and right	460	45
El-Rizk Mosque	Mosque with minaret	13th	Correct	480	40
Building	?	?	Right
Sultan South�leyman Mosque	Mosque with minaret	14th	Right	500	40
Ko� Mosque	Mosque	15th	Right	502	vii
Religious school	Schoolhouse	15th	Right	502	?
Kizlar Mosque (now Eyyubi Mosque)	Mosque	13th	Right	499	3
Cemetery	Graveyard	?	Right	490	1
Zeynel Abidin Turbesi	Mausoleum	13th	Left	470	8
T�rbe	Mausoleum	?	?		?

Imarn Abdullah Turbesi	Mausoleum	14th	Left	480	xx
Building	Baths?	16th	Left	465	8
Cemetery	Graveyard	14th	Left	490	one
Shops (caves)		12th	Right	490	3
Castle gate No. 1	Fort entrance	twelfth	Right	490	?
Castle gate No. 2	Fort archway	twelfth	Right	510	7
Castle gate No. iii	Fort entrance	twelfth	Correct	550	vi
Trivial Palace		13th	Right	540	15
Human-fabricated caves	Houses	12th	Right	510	3
Big Palace	King residence	12th	Right	550	five
T�rbe	Mausoleum	13th	Correct	500	?
B�y�k Mosque	Mosque with minaret	12^thursday	Right	550	5